Peralatan Pemadaman Kebakaran
Peralatan Pemadaman Kebakaran
Untuk mencegah dan menanggulangi kebakaran perlu disediakan peralatan pemadam kebakaran yang sesuai dan cocok untuk bahan yang mungkin terbakar ditempat yang bersangkutan.
1. Perlengkapan dan alat pemadam kebakaran sederhana
a. Air, bahan alam yang melimpah, murah dan tidak ada akibat ikutan (side effect), sehingga air paling banyak dipakai untuk memadamkan kebakaran. Persedian air dilakukan dengan cadangan bak-bak air dekat daerah bahaya, alat yang diperlukan berupa ember atau slang/pipa karet/plastik.
b. Pasir, bahan yang dapat menutup benda terbakar sehingga udara tidak masuk sehingga api padam. Caranya dengan menimbunkan pada benda yang terbakar menggunakan sekop atau ember
c. Karung goni, kain katun, atau selimut basah sangat efektif untuk menutup kebakaran dini pada api kompor atau kebakaran di rumah tangga, luasnya minimal 2 kali luas potensi api.
d. Tangga, gantol dan lain-lain sejenis, dipergunakan untuk alat bantu penyelamatan dan pemadaman kebakaran.
Alat Pemadam Api Ringan (APAR)
APAR adalah alat yang ringan serta mudah dilayani oleh satu orang untuk memadamkan api pada awal terjadinya kebakaran. Tabung APAR harus diisi ulang sesuai dengan jenis dan konstruksinya. Jenis APAR meliputi : jenis air (water), busa (foam), serbuk kering (dry chemical) gas cair ramah lingkungan dan gas CO2, yang berfungsi untuk menyelimuti benda terbakar dari oksigen di sekitar bahan terbakar sehingga suplai oksigen terhenti. Zat keluar dari tabung karena dorongan gas bertekanan.
Contoh Konstruksi APAR sebagai berikut :
Klasifikasi Kebakaran
Klasifikasi Kebakaran A : adalah kebakaran yang diakibatkan oleh terbakarnya kertas, kayu, tekstil, plastik, benda-benda padat lain bukan logam, dll.
Klasifikasi Kebakaran B : adalah kebakaran yang diakibatkan oleh terbakarnya bahan bakar minyak dan gas, antara lain bensin, solar, tiner, spriritus, minyak tanah, cat, oli maupun gas elpiji, dll.
Klasifikasi Kebakaran C : adalah kebakaran yang diakibatkan oleh terbakarnya instalasi listrik, instalasi genset, instalasi elektronik, otomotif, dll.
Klasifikasi Kebakaran D : adalah kebakaran yang diakibatkan oleh terbakarnya benda-benda logam, metal, alumunium, seng, baja, tembaga, dll.
Karakteristik APAR
1) APAR jenis tertentu bukan merupakan pemadam untuk segala jenis kebakaran, oleh karena itu sebelum menggunakan APAR perlu diidentifikasi jenis bahan yang terbakar.
2) APAR hanya ideal dioperasikan pada situasi tanpa angin kuat, APAR kimiawi ideal dioperasikan pada suhu kamar
3) Waktu ideal : 3 detik operasi, 10 detik berhenti, waktu maksimum terus menerus 8 detik.
4) Bila telah dipakai harus diisi ulang (refilling)
5) Harus diperiksa secara periodik, minimal 1 tahun sekali. (percayakan perusahaan jasa dibidang proteksi kebakaran yang telah resmi memiliki sertifikasi PJK3, AK3 Bidang Kebakaran dan ISO, dll.)
Alat Pemadam Kebakaran Besar APAB
Alat-alat ini ada yang dilayani secara manual ada pula yang bekerja secara otomatis.
a. Sistem hidran mempergunakan air sebagai pemadam api. Terdiri dari pompa, saluran air, pilar hidran (di luar gedung), boks hidran (dalam gedung) berisi : slang landas, pipa kopel, pipa semprot dan kumparan slang
b. Sistem penyembur api (sprinkler system), kombinasi antara sistem isyarat alat pemadam kebakaran.
c. Sistem pemadam dengan gas bersih ramah lingkungan ( Gas System, FM 200, Novec 1230, dll)
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